ESTABLISHING THE ESSENCE OF PREVENTING CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC SERVICE

Corruption is one of the most negative phenomena in the state system. Manifesting element of corruption has been highly experienced in public services where there is always a need in analyzing them. Without proper counteraction to corruption, it is able to nullify all previous achievements in reforming the country's mechanisms of government and stop its development. Despite some achievements of the Ukrainian state in the field of combating and preventing corruption, especially in the years after the Revolution of Dignity, society and the state leadership will have to make many efforts to significantly improve the situation in this direction. In order to select the most effective ways to prevent corruption, the positive experience of successful foreign countries in this area is studied. Ways and methods of effective counteraction to corruption in the public service are considered. Specific ways of combating 115 KAGANOVXKA, T. E.; KHARCHENKO, V. B.; ZAKOMORNA, K. O.; IZBASH, K. S. Establishing the essence of preventing corruption in public service R. Curso Dir. UNIFOR-MG, Formiga, v. 13, n. 1, p. 114-128, jan./jun. 2022 corruption at each level of government are analyzed and compared. Peculiarities of counteracting corruption both in state authorities and in local self-government bodies are established. Emphasis is placed that without a proper improvement of the quality of public service in the state, in particular a significant improvement in combating and preventing corruption, it will be difficult or impossible to achieve a proper standard of living (well-being) in the state and society. It is established that the solution of the problematic issues outlined in this article depends on many environmental factors, first of all, such as the stability of the political regime in the state, an effective judicial system and the effective operation of law enforcement agencies.

corruption at each level of government are analyzed and compared. Peculiarities of counteracting corruption both in state authorities and in local self-government bodies are established. Emphasis is placed that without a proper improvement of the quality of public service in the state, in particular a significant improvement in combating and preventing corruption, it will be difficult or impossible to achieve a proper standard of living (well-being) in the state and society. It is established that the solution of the problematic issues outlined in this article depends on many environmental factors, first of all, such as the stability of the political regime in the state, an effective judicial system and the effective operation of law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: prevention of corruption; public service; corruption manifestations.

INTRODUCTION
The relationships between the processes of depoliticization and public ethics in liquid modernity are characterized by little lasting, malleable and changing dynamic environment for citizen participation in political institutions and the setting of the popular will, favoring  (NOVAK, 2016). According to S. O. Shatrava (2017), the relevance of the research on the prevention of corruption is in the plane of many factors: economic (economic crisis and low living standards); legal (imperfect and in some cases unformed legal framework in regard to the prevention of corruption; lack of clear normatively established procedural regulations for officials' activities providing an opportunity for abuse); social (spread of domestic corruption and lack of punishment for the latter); ideological (lack of long-term vision on combating corruption risks and giving preference to situational solutions of issues in this area; unwillingness to change; lack of response and punishment of those who committed corruption offenses or corruption-related offenses); managerial (presence of discretionary powers or too broad administrative and permitting powers for decision-making at own discretion; lack of effective mechanism for monitoring such decisions, professional deformation of some managers, which is manifested in the commission or leniency of corruption, breaches of professional ethics).
Therefore, taking into account the above, it should be noted that the purpose of this article is to establish the content and specific features for the prevention of corruption in the public service. In accordance with the set purpose, the objectives of the research are: to establish the current situation in the field of corruption prevention both in Ukraine and in the world; to provide characteristics of the main terms used in clarifying the essence of preventing corruption in the public service; to accomplish historical and legal analysis of the development and formation of the system for preventing corruption in the public service; to establish the legal principles for preventing corruption in the public service; generalization of international experience on combating corruption.

METHODOLOGY
The authors of the article have used bibliographic method, which assisted to get information from leading contemporary researchers about the current situation in the field of preventing corruption in Ukraine and around the world.
Empirical and empirical-theoretical methods have been used to characterize the main terms used in the article, in particular, such as: prevention of corruption, public service, corruption manifestations, state system, international cooperation, legal support, etc.
Historical and legal method has been used to carry out historical and legal analysis of the development and formation of the system for preventing corruption in the public service.
Comparative and legal method has been used while characterizing the legal principles for the prevention of corruption in the public service, as well as in the generalization of international experience in combating corruption.
All these methods used are greatly essential when dealing with matters of corruption, but the main prerogative here is in trying to examine by looking at what really to be done in combating these deadly pandemics plaguing the public service. There is the need for this cankerworm of corruptive practices to be eradicated. One thing is for sure that all these methods establishing are really credible, but ensuring the effective combatting has always been a great problem.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Problematic aspects of the functioning of the entities that prevent and combat corruption Effective counteraction to corruption crimes, which includes the prevention of their commission, is one of the most important elements in improving the quality of the state system.
In order to understand the exact way for preventing and combating corruption that can be really effective, it is necessary to properly study the factors influencing the emergence and spread of corruption (BORGES; GANS-MORSE; MAKARIN, 2017).
It should be noted that this issue is currently being actively studied by researchers from leading foreign countries. In particular, they have found out that the rate of corruption's spread in society is most influenced by the state of material and financial well-being in society, political regime in the country, historical traditions of democratic institutions and the real rule of law, or their absence. Scholars insist that the above factors to some extent equally affect the spread of corruption in society and in the government system of any country (BECKER; BOECKH; HEINZ; WOESSMANN, 2016). For example, it has been accepted in the scientific community and society in the whole that corruption has traditionally been a more widespread phenomenon among poor, financially disadvantaged countries or individual regions, provinces or oblasts.
However, the recent high-quality research has shown that corruption often could and can occur in rather wealthy countries and communities. For example, it is argued that corruption exists other key factors that serve as indicators of the state's success from the political regime established in this state. This factor, or rather its impact on the level of corruption in the state, is also crucial. Proper functioning of state mechanisms both at national and local levels is a reliable guarantee of the state's protection from authoritarian encroachments. In addition, they can significantly reduce the number of corruption manifestations both within the state system and in society in the whole.
It is a well-known and at the same time interesting fact that the rapid and consistent quality reform of the state system and its individual agencies is one of the main and priority requirements for the new ruling elite from the developed countries of the West due to the change of the ruling regime in any state in order to bring them to the appropriate standards.
Most scholars in the field of law and public administration emphasize that for establishing reliable, efficient and stable functioning of public administration institutions in a particular state, we need a certain period of time (BAI; LIU; KOU; 2016). They note by making the latter more concrete that they mean the reliable and uninterrupted functioning of established state institutions and agencies over a period of time. According to scholars it is important, because both the state system and society in the whole must get used to the fundamentally new procedures of government agencies' activities. Otherwise, corrupt oligarchic ranges will try to bring back the old ineffective traditions of the system.
Many foreign researchers pay attention to the importance of applying high-tech achievements into the activities of public service agencies and institutions. According to them, the need for technological development of public servants and their structural units is undeniable.
Based on the analysis conducted between countries from different regions of the world, it is noted that the active use of high-tech devices by public servants in their professional activities not only significantly increases their efficiency and effectiveness, but also reduces the likelihood of committing corruption manifestations by them or in relation to them.
Real reforms has recently begun to be carried out In Ukraine, the ultimate goal of which was a marked reduction in corruption in the state system of power in Ukraine, and later in society in the whole. This logic is supported by the claims of American and British researchers that in order to completely eradicate or at least significantly reduce corruption at the household level in society, we must first achieve successful results in combating corruption in public service in the government (CAF, 2019). As we can see from the recent changes in Ukraine, there are many ways and means to legally get rid of corrupt officials, as well as a significant number of options for establishing control over the level of corruption.
The system of entities for preventing and combating corruption has been created in our country in order to overcome this negative phenomenon, the leading place among which is occupied by the agencies of the National Police of Ukraine (PCHELIN, 2019, p. 72). Such agencies as the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, the National Anti-Corruption Agency, and the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, although have certain shortcomings in their activities and need many improvements, are nevertheless recognized as moving and acting in the right direction. The continued and unquestioning support of the United States for these agencies is a testament to this situation.
One of the shortcomings of the modern Ukrainian state system is the artificial inhibition of reforms and other positive processes in the state by certain entities. In particular, a specific problem is the gap in the domestic anti-corruption sphere, which allows persons who have committed corruption offenses and as a result dismissed, to succeed in restoration on the positions. Moreover, as a result of this gap, they received significant compensation from the state for "wrongful dismissal". Ukraine's international allies and partners insist on the liquidation of this gap in domestic legislation (IDFI, 2016).
We offer to introduce a legal norm that would clearly prescribe the conditions, when a person is subject to lustration from public service. This will assist to achieve the de facto impossibility of mass restorations of corrupt officials and others who have abused their power.
With the functioning of such a legal norm, those state agencies of Ukraine that actually carry out lustration will also make less mistakes and declare persons lustrated without a sufficient amount of proper grounds (UNODC, 2019). It is well known that a large part of court cases on illegal dismissal mess up in favor of the "corrupt entity" precisely because of the poor quality of the work of state anti-corruption agencies.
Accordingly, the authors offer to make the above propositions to the Law of Ukraine "On Lustration" (2014). We also believe that specific amendments and alterations should be made to the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service" (2014). First of all, it is necessary to make the procedure for immediate dismissal of a public servant, who has been found guilty of corruption by a court decision, clearer and more unambiguous. Although, there is currently a problem in this area in Ukraine. Thus, it is noted that it is common for Ukraine for one reason or another when a person found guilty of receiving an illegal benefit is not dismissed from the position and public service in general and he / she continues to work on the position (THE COMMONWEALTH, 2021). According to experts the existing tolerance for corruption manifestations and corrupt officials is still among the reasons in Ukrainian society. However, it should be noted that according to the latest sociological research, the level of tolerance for corruption manifestations in society and in the public service among the citizens of Ukraine is gradually declining. Instead, citizens on the contrary have become more critical to corruption manifestations both in the public service and among their compatriots in society. But we should add that the positive changes in people's attitudes towards corruption are slowly changing.
Reluctance of heads of state units to take actions that are although fair in terms of public morality and humanity, but may be recognized over time as "Illegal" is among other reasons for continuing to hold certain positions in the public service by those guilty of corruption and other manifestations of outright dishonesty (THE WORLD BANK, 2021). Due to the fact that the state finally loses the case, a corrupt person fired for corruption will be restored on the position with the compensation (including wages for the entire period of his "illegal" dismissal) and the state will lose significant funds, and the head, who made the initial decision to dismiss the corrupt official, will bear legal liability ( As a result of the above-mentioned active opposition to anti-corruption reforms by oligarchic clans, criminal organizations and other members of the "old system", there is a sabotage and attempt to repeal positive reforms in Ukraine, and there is still a high risk of returning the state system and society to authoritarianism and cleptocracy. In order to prevent this, it is recommended to improve the legal framework in the field of anti-corruption, as well as to improve the quality of functioning of anti-corruption institutions by increasing their real effectiveness. in public service R. Curso Dir. UNIFOR-MG, Formiga, v. 13, n. 1, p. 114-128, jan./jun. 2022

CONCLUSIONS
Effective prevention and successful counteraction to corruption in the public service should continue to be the priority for both state's leadership and representatives of academic community. After all, the emphasis is focused on the fact that the public service should be the leading part of society, which should be the first to get rid of corruption, or should achieve a significant reduction in its number. It is argued that despite a difficult historical past and a strong tradition of authoritarian regimes, Ukraine is gradually making progress in preventing corruption.
The emergence and further functioning of anti-corruption agencies in Ukraine is undoubtedly a useful phenomenon, and therefore has significant support among Ukraine's foreign allies and partners. Despite some problems in the operation's organization of these agencies, as well as the great resistance to their functioning, they prove that their creation and support is a cinch.
Each of the newly created agencies, for its part, assists to reduce corruption across the entire spectrum of public service. Declarations that every public servant is required to complete also play an important role. The newly established anti-corruption agencies of Ukraine should receive strong support from both society and the government. Regarding the first, the authors of the article have noted that the rejection of corruption among the population is gradually increasing and, accordingly, tolerance among Ukrainian citizens is declining both to corruption and to corrupt individuals. Secondly, the Ukrainian authorities must improve anti-corruption legislation, in particular by taking the concrete steps described in this article and improving the quality of anti-corruption agencies.